Stradegies (or Barriers) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Stradegies (or Barriers) - Term Paper Example Evidence of institutions structured racially were slavery, segregations, residential schools and Indian wars. In 20th century though, discriminations of all kinds were banned following activities of civil rights groups from all quarters who opposed these discriminations using various strategies, its fundamental to note that some like employment, housing, education and lending prejudices still happen in the present society. In this paper however, focus is on the Asian and African Americans as two of the groups that faced barriers (discrimination) in United States’ history and what strategies they used to overcome these challenges. In the first part of this paper we shall look at the African Americans and then proceed to second part of Asian Americans in order to create contrast in the strategies they deployed in fighting for their freedom. Perhaps the most prominent barrier of this group is the institution of slavery in which the African Americans were enslaved and viewed as property and treated as second class citizens, stigmatized and denied industrial jobs. It the perception of slavery that resulted in all the barriers faced by the Africans in America, it started in 1630s in prehistoric era and has been practiced for a long period of time due to sugar, tobacco and other plantations that seek more workforces. There are several issues that kept them invisible in all aspects of their lives: Their lives were incredibly difficult as slaves mostly for those who worked in the plantations, they could work from sunrise to sunset without exception of the old or the young all could work for this long period of time. It was considered to be lucky if the master gives the slave a day off from work or holidays like Christmas which was infrequent. In his free lucky time, the slave engage in his own activities of fishing or cultivating small piece of land in order to supplement what is given by the master that was poor in quality. As stated earlier it was

UK Taxation System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

UK Taxation System - Essay Example Alongside, the developments in the indirect taxation are also described. Income Tax is believed to be the largest source of earning equating up to 30% of the total tax revenue in UK. This is charged on salaries from employment, on rental income for let-out properties, on bank and building societies' interests and on company dividends. The one that comes next in this list is the Value Added Tax (VAT). VAT is charged to the customer by businesses on the supply of goods and services in the country. The revenue generated by the UK government by way of VAT comes somewhere around to 23% of the total tax revenue and also this is believed to be the second largest earner of revenue to the government. Apart from this the government of UK also generates revenue through some other kinds of taxes like the National Insurance Contributions (NIC), duties and Corporations Tax, the contribution of which are believed to be 21%, 16% and 8% respectively. There exist also other sources of contributions like the Capital Gains Tax (CGT), Inheritance Tax (IHT), Stamp Duty (SD) and Stamp Duty Land Tax (SDLT) etc., which form the rest of the total tax revenue. The Tax Year: The Tax Year in the United Kingdom starts on the 6th of April in the current year and ends on 5th of April in the following year. All the citizens of the country pay their income tax by reference to the same. The different kinds of rates and allowances relating to taxes are finalized in the Annual Budget which is scheduled every year in the month of March. The Tax System: A study conducted in the previous year reveals that almost 29.5 million individuals do pay tax in the form of income tax in UK. Indirect taxes are collected in the form of Excise duties, Vehicle excise duties, Insurance premium tax, Air passenger duty, Landfill Tax and Aggregates Levy etc. The government of UK levies excise duty particularly on five types of goods. They are tobacco, fuel, beer, wine and beer. A flat rate is followed for levying tax on these particular goods. When it comes to tobacco, they are additionally subject to a tax called ad valorem tax. This ad valorem tax is set up at an amount of 22% of the total retail price. The following table shows the tax rates of duties that were levied in the year 2006-07. Table.1 Excise duties, 2006-07 Good Duty (pence) Total duty as a % of price Total tax as a % of price Packet of 20 cigars: Specific + ad valorem 314 66.4 81.3 Pint of Beer 29 13.5 28.4 Wine (75cl bottle) 129 38.2 53.1 Spirits (70cl bottle) 548 48.0 62.9 Ultra-Low sulphur petrol 47 50.8 65.7 Ultra-Low sulphur diesel 47 49.1 64.0 Sources: HM Revenue and Customs website (customs.hmrc.gov.uk/channelsPortalWebApp/channelsPortalWebApp.portal'_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pageExcise_InfoGuides); UK Trade Info website - www.uktradeinfo.co.uk; National Statistics - www.statistics.gov.uk Capital Gains Tax: The concept of Capital Gains tax was introduced in the year 1965. These capital gains are supposed to be levied on the